History and development

Crystal Palace Transmitter from southern Anerley

The National athletics stadium with the Transmitter in the background.

The station was constructed in the mid-1950s among the ruins of the Crystal Palace. The Aquarium on which it is mostly built on was partially destroyed in 1941 during the demolition of the Palace’s north water tower. (John Logie Baird’s earlier transmitter and TV studios were a separate development at the other end of the Palace and perished with it in 1936.)

Its new 219-metre (719 ft) tower was the tallest structure in London until the construction of One Canada Square at Canary Wharf in 1991. Despite its size, it has been largely overlooked as a London landmark due to its location and simplicity.[citation needed] It has been nicknamed London’s Eiffel Tower.

When first constructed it only transmitted BBC Television on the old VHF 405-line system. The Croydon transmitter was then built to broadcast ITV. When UHF transmissions started in 1964 first the new BBC2 and later both ITV and BBC1 were then transmitted from Crystal Palace. However, even now Crystal Palace does not transmit analogue Channel 5, this (alone) comes from Croydon about two miles away (although Croydon does have reserve transmitters for ITV and Channel 4, which are only used in the event of a fault or maintenance at Crystal Palace). A couple of years ago[clarification needed] the BBC decided that a complete reserve was also a good idea and now all four services are available from Croydon if required. When UK Digital Switch Over is completed in the London area in 2012 all services will come from Crystal Palace again, but because of the site’s importance Croydon will be able to be used to duplicate the PSB multiplexes in case of emergency. 405-line VHF television was discontinued in 1985, and now the only television broadcasts from Crystal Palace are on UHF.

The station carries the London regions of BBC One, BBC Two, ITV1 and Channel 4 in analogue, each with an effective radiated power of 1 MW, as well as all six digital terrestrial television multiplexes. These have an ERP of 20 kW, with considerable beam tilt to the south and east. Although DTT requires far less power to achieve the same coverage as analogue TV, this 17 dB difference is too large to ensure comparable coverage. The station therefore has a range of about 30 miles (50 km) for DTT, compared with about 60 miles (90 km) for analogue.

The tower is also used for FM radio transmission of several local radio stations BBC London 94.9, XFM, Choice FM and Absolute Radio, as well as a low powered relay of the 4 BBC national FM services and Classic FM. It also has mediumwave transmitters on 558 kHz (Spectrum Radio), 720 kHz (BBC Radio 4) and 1035 kHz (Kismat Radio). Since the tower is grounded, a wire aerial spun close to it is used for the MW services.

Since 1995, the tower has also been in use as one of five London transmitters for the BBC DAB multiplex. This was joined in 1999 by the Digital One DAB service, and a further local DAB multiplex has also since started transmitting.

In May 2006, Crystal Palace began broadcasting the first terrestrial HDTV signals in the UK. This was to enable a trial group of 450 London homes to test HD broadcasts by the BBC, ITV, Channel 4 and Five, in order to assess the viability and potential problems of future nationwide HD broadcasting. On 2 December 2009, the site entered service as one of the first DVB-T2 transmitters in the world, carrying a variant of the BBC’s Multiplex B broadcasting high-definition TV services.

Future developments

The UK Government’s plans for digital switchover are based on the use of almost all of the UK’s current analogue TV transmitter sites. As such, Crystal Palace is expected to remain a key part of the network when the London area is switched over in 2012. In July 2007 it was confirmed by Ofcom that Crystal Palace would be remaining an A group transmitter after DSO (Digital Switchover).

Channels listed by frequency

Analogue radio (AM medium wave)

558 kHz – Spectrum (1 kW)

720 kHz – BBC Radio 4 (750 W)

1035 kHz – Kismat Radio (2.5 kW)

These frequencies were used by Lots Road until Tuesday 25 September 2007.

Analogue radio (FM VHF)

88.8 MHz – BBC Radio 2 # (4 kW)

91.0 MHz – BBC Radio 3 # (4 kW)

93.2 MHz – BBC Radio 4 # (4 kW)

94.9 MHz – BBC London (4 kW)

96.9 MHz – Choice FM (30 W)

98.5 MHz – BBC Radio 1 # (4 kW)

100.6 MHz – Classic FM # (2 kW – Vertical Polarisation only)

104.9 MHz – XFM (2.9 kW)

105.8 MHz – Absolute Radio (3.73 kW)

# Relay of Wrotham

Digital radio (DAB)

Block 11D: 222.064 MHz – Digital One (6.5 kW)

Block 12A: 223.936 MHz – Switch London (2.1 kW)

Block 12B: 225.648 MHz – BBC (10 kW)

Analogue television

UHF 23 (487.25 MHz) – ITV1 London (Carlton Television/London Weekend Television)

UHF 26 (511.25 MHz) – BBC One London

UHF 30 (543.25 MHz) – Channel 4

UHF 33 (567.25 MHz) – BBC Two

All services broadcast at 1000 kW

Digital television

UHF 22 (482 MHz) – Multiplex 2 – Digital 3&4

UHF 25 (506 MHz) – Multiplex 1 – BBC

UHF 28 (530 MHz) – Multiplex B – BBC

UHF 29 (538 MHz) – Multiplex D – National Grid Wireless

UHF 31 (554 MHz) – Multiplex B High Definition – BBC (10KW)

UHF 32 (562 MHz) – Multiplex A – S4C Digital Networks

UHF 34 (578 MHz) – Multiplex C – National Grid Wireless

All multiplexes operate at 20 kW.

See also

London portal

Tall buildings in London

National Grid Wireless (which owns the tower)

Radio masts and towers

List of Towers

List of tallest buildings and structures in Great Britain

List of radio stations in the United Kingdom

References

Notes

^ a b “NGW planning application”. Bromley Council planning portal. 2008-04-23. http://212.85.26.243/WAM/pas/externalCasefile.do?councilName=London Borough of Bromley&appNumber=08/01463/FULL1. Retrieved 2008-09-13. 

^ BBC Milestones. Retrieved 13 Oct 2008

^ “War’s Worst Raid”. TIME. 1941-04-28. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,765495,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 

^ Pescod, David FRS (2005-02-10). “Correspondence” (PDF). The Linnean (London: Linnean Society of London) 21 (2): 36. http://www.linnean.org/fileadmin/images/Publications/Linnean-21-2__2__web_complete.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 

^ Glen, Richard E (2003-04-05). “Baird’s independent television”. Transdiffusion Broadcasting System. http://www.transdiffusion.org/emc/baird/baird_itv.php. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 

^ Herbert, Ray (July 1998). “Crystal Palace Television Studios”. Soundscapes (Groningen, The Netherlands: University of Groningen) 1 (4). ISSN 1567-7745. http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME01/Crystal_Palace.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-29. 

Bibliography

R H. Evans, The Crystal Palace FM filler experiment, British Broadcasting Corporation, Division of Engineering, Research and Development Department (1996), ASIN B0018RJ1ZY

R. W. Burns, British Television: The Formative Years, IET (1986), ISBN 0863410790

External links

The Transmission Gallery: Crystal Palace Transmitter photographs and information

Pictures and info on Crystal Palace, including co-receivable transmitters

http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3886

Crystal Palace Transmitter at Structurae

Ofcom local transmitter advice

v  d  e

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Presely

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Redruth

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Rosemarkie

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Rumster Forest

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Sandy Heath

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Selkirk

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Sudbury

Felixstowe   Ipswich   Somersham   Wivenhoe Park   Woodbridge

Sutton Coldfield

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Tacolneston

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Waltham

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Wenvoe

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Winter Hill

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The Wrekin

Bucknell   Clun   Coalbrookdale   Haden Hill   Halesowen

v  d  e

Supertall structures

Towers

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Bridges

Millau Viaduct  Sutong Bridge

Dams

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Electricity pylons

Yangtze River Crossing

Oil platforms

Petronius  Baldpate Platform  Bullwinkle  Troll A platform  Gullfaks C

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Coordinates: 512527 0430 / 51.42417N 0.075W / 51.42417; -0.075

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